NpT ensemble

The NpT ensemble (isothermal-isobaric ensemble) is a statistical ensemble that is used to study material properties under the conditions of a constant particle number N, a pressure p fluctuating around an equilibrium value $\langle p \rangle$ and a temperature T fluctuating around an equilibrium value $\langle T \rangle$. This page describes how to sample the NpT ensemble from a molecular-dynamics run.

Instructions for setting up a NpT ensemble

The Parinello-Rahman algorithm is the method of choice when setting up a NpT molecular-dynamics run. To use the Parinello-Rahman algorithm the Langevin thermostat has to be adjusted for an NpT simulation by setting the ISIF=3 in the INCAR file. Otherwise, the lattice is not allowed to change during the simulation, preventing VASP from keeping the pressure constant. Additionally the user can set LANGEVIN_GAMMA as when simulating a NVT ensemble, the tag LANGEVIN_GAMMA_L which is a friction coefficient for the lattice degrees of freedom and the PMASS tag to assign a fictitious mass to the lattice degrees of freedom.

NpT ensemble	Langevin
MDALGO	3
ISIF	3
additional tags to set	LANGEVIN_GAMMA, LANGEVIN_GAMMA_L
optional tags to set	PMASS

The additional tags in the column for the thermostat have to be set because the default values are zero resulting in a different ensemble. To use the NpT ensemble VASP has to be compiled with the precompiler flag -Dtbdyn. A general guide for molecular-dynamics simulations can be found on the molecular-dynamics page.

An example INCAR file for the NpT ensemble

 #INCAR molecular-dynamics tags NpT ensemble 
 IBRION = 0                      # choose molecular-dynamics 
 MDALGO = 3                      # using Langevin thermostat
 ISIF = 3                        # compute stress tensor and change box volume/shape 
 TEBEG = 300                     # set temperature 
 NSW = 10000                     # number of time steps 
 POTIM = 1.0                     # time step in femto seconds 
 LANGEVIN_GAMMA = 10.0 10.0 10.0 # Langevin friction coefficient for three atomic species
 LANGEVIN_GAMMA_L = 10.0         # Langevin friction coefficient for lattice degrees of freedom
 PMASS = 1000                    # the fictitious mass of the lattice degrees of freedom

Mind: This INCAR file only contains the parameters for the molecular-dynamics part. The electronic minimization or the machine learning tags have to be added.

Related tags and articles

Molecular-dynamics calculations, ISIF, MDALGO, LANGEVIN_GAMMA, LANGEVIN_GAMMA_L, PMASS, Ensembles